Climate Change And Air Pollution - 1381 Words

DECC 2050: LOWEST AIR POLLUTION November 18, 2017 Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth’s atmosphere, which has adverse effects on human heath and the environment. Climate change and air pollution are interconnected, since pollutants such as methane and ozone that contribute to climate. Although the climate has always changed and humans have always adapted, anthropogenic forces increase that rate of change. The UK has a commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050 relative to 1990 levels. However one must note that this involves CO2 level reduction only, and does not include other pollutants, which affect air quality. Not to mention that some of the techniques used to decrease CO2 levels, such as CCS (carbon capture and storage), emit high levels of pollutants (due to the penalty of energy capture), hence reducing air quality. We cannot only focus on reducing emissions; we should also aim to make the decrease air pollution since it affects our standard of living, health, and environment. Using the DECC 2050 calculator we intend on achieving lowest air pollution levels (Target 6). Our assessment criteria is split into two types: First, primary assessment criteria: the impact of the pathway on air quality that is the damage to human health, arising from air pollution from the pathway, principally particulate matter). Second, secondary assessment criteria: cost (the costShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution And Climate Change1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drastic Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change Air pollution and climate change have an extensive backing from environmentalists and people in general who care about the effects that has on earth. Air pollution is the world s biggest environmental health risk, with some of the worst problems in developing nations such as China and India. Air pollution is a vast problem which can be fixed, although it will take time. Air pollution kills 3.3 million people a year, including 55,000 in theRead MoreAir Pollution Essay: Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change1489 Words   |  6 PagesAir pollution and greenhouse gases are the reason for the planet as it is today; the reason why we see campaigns flooding the media informing us to ‘switch off’, ‘save the planet’ and ‘turn down the heat’ and the reason why the government is trying to develop a successful scheme, such as the carbon tax scheme, to reduce air pollution caused by major industries. Air pollution and greenhouse gases are the two immediate cau ses of global warming and climate change. Air pollution occurs when chemicalsRead MoreAir Pollution - The Causes and Effect1116 Words   |  5 PagesAir Pollution - The Causes amp; Effect . Defi-Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, poses health risks to millions of Americans every day, contributing to asthma, emphysema, heart disease, and other potentially lethal conditions. Managing air pollution causes, and defending successful safeguards like the Clean Air Act, is critical to the human, economic, and environmental health of our communities. America’s power plants are our biggest industrial polluters. Each year they pump moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesBackground and Analysis Air pollution is the infiltration of chemicals or toxic molecules into the atmosphere. In the global context many countries including China, the United States, Mexico, and others are haunted by pollution in the air. However each has a certain degree of air pollution different from the other. Air pollution kills animals and plants by intoxicating our bodies with harmful bacteria and chemicals. Unless our bodies become immune or we learn to clear the pollution earth s ecosystemRead MoreCalifornia Drought And Its Effects On The Air Quality1260 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia drought has been extremely harmful to the states’ air quality. Since 2012, California has seen the worst drought conditions in 1,200 years and it is severely affecting air quality (California’s drought, 2015). As of 2015, the cities of Hanford, Merced, Modesto, Fresno, Yuba City, Lancaster-Palmdale, Chico, Sacramento, and Bakersfield have been experiencing exceptional drought coverage (Pestano, 2015). California has a Mediterranean climate, which is a concentrated rainy period several months ofRead MoreEnvironmental Global Health : A Social Science Point Of View1492 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"According to WHO estimates, climate change will cause an additional 250,000 deaths per year between 2030 and 2050†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Skolnik 2016: 100). 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For every person that dies, hundreds or thousands more suffer breathingRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Climate And Civilization Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pageswalking outside and not being able to breathe the air because it is too toxic; imagine if severe weather conditions, such as droughts and heat waves was the everyday norm. If action is not taken to reduce the amount of pollution humanity emits into the air, there will be detrimental effects on the climate and civilization. For instance, air pollution harms the health of people, causing respiratory issues, and air pollution negatively affects the climate, causing global warming. Both issues are also detrimentalRead MoreThe World Of Global Warming1012 Words   |  5 PagesNations, Ban Ki-moon once said, â€Å"The clear and present danger of climate change means we cannot burn our way to prosperity. We already rely too heavily on fossi l fuels. We need to find a new, sustainable path to the future we want. We need a clean industrial revolution† (Ban Ki-moon). Collectively, we burn fossil fuels without recognition of the repercussions it has on the environment and our well-being. Air pollution causes climate change, shown through the increase in greenhouse gases, and environmentalRead Moreplastic money1074 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿What are the effects of air pollution? Acidification: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife.   Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants. When acid rain

Can Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences - 1425 Words

Analytical Summary: Can Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences? One of the revolutionary changes in the economic thinking is taking into account the effect of social preferences on economic activities. During the last two decades, experimental economics showed that, social preferences play an important role on the economic activities. For example, Knack and Keefer (1997) proved that, trust and civic duty have important contribution to economic growth. Also, Slemrood (2003) find out that, real per capita income is higher in more trusting societies. Economists fail to understand fundamental economic questions when they disregard social preferences. Therefore, studies related to effect of social preferences on economy are highly important. In this regard, Macleod (2007) introduces the possibility of improvements of social preferences in a way that it will lead to a better economy. He assumes that fairness and trustworthiness plays an important role for contractual relations, which affects the economic activity. He shows in this article that, desired contractual activities could be achieved by improving fairness and trustworthiness of people. In his study, Macleod investigated the effect of social preferences on economic performance. As recent researchers suggest, for well functioning economy, there is lot of things to learn from psychology. In this respect, Macleod considers fairness and trust to be the most important factors for alleviating distortionary effects ofShow MoreRelatedEthics Course : The Trolley Problem1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe best part about it was that we were not given a correct answer to the thought experiment. Now that the class is coming to an end, I will use the knowledge that I have gained from this class to come to an answer to this thought experiment and to explain how I arrived to it. The thought experiment that we were given is known as the â€Å"Trolley Problem† and it is split into two parts. In the first part of the problem we have an empty out of control trolley going down the rail track. If the trolley continuesRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthem pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. 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Individualized Physical Activity Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Individualized Physical Activity Intervention. Answer: Introduction: Randomization of treatments- In randomized controlled trial, participants are assigned to a treatment conditions at random and the unique factor is the type of intervention they receive. Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) also conducted the research by randomization. Participants were randomized by a computer program to hide the allocation detail of participants. On that basis, the intervention groups received 10 min of foot massage and the control group received quiet presence. In RCT, the process are controlled to ensure that participants receive the same treatment unique to their group and same was observed in this study as block randomization was done to maximize the equality of the intervention and the control groups (Bothwell Podolsky 2016, pp.501-504). Accountability of patients- Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) had analyzed the data collected from participants who received at least one treatment. 2-tailed test help to determine whether the impact of group was high in mood and agitation in dementia patient was higher in the control group or the intervention group. Detail about group- While conducting RCT studies, baseline imbalance often arise. Hence, it is necessary for the researcher to ensure that both intervention and control groups are equal at baseline. This means factors such as age, sex, class, education and fitness in both groups should not have an effect on the outcome (Singh et al. 2017). Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) maintained the baseline balance in participants by means of recruiting participant on the basis of inclusion criteria. This included participant above the age of 65 years with moderate to last stage of dementia. They must be living in long term care, should have a history of agitation and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) should be less than 18. This inclusion strategy enhances the credibility of the study as participants particularly with agitation symptoms were selected for the trial. It would help greatly in generalization of the study. Treatment of groups- Treatment of groups equally in RCTs implies whether researcher has addressed the factors that might influence the performance of one group over the other. The review of the article reveals Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) has considered this aspect during the sample recruitment stage. This is reflected by the exclusion process. Participant who had serious illness that might affect the foot anatomy and pain were not taken. If such participant would have been taken, the purpose of the study would not have been effectively fulfilled. During the intervention process also, the timing of intervention was considered important as dementia patients mainly develop restlessness in the afternoon. Hence, with this consideration, afternoon time was chosen for providing the intervention (Spector et al. 2016, pp.1055-1062). Effect of treatment- The reliability and credibility of a research study is understood by the treatment of outcomes and comparison of groups to develop a mean outcome. This reflect the rigour of research and the focus of the researcher to make the results reliable (Altman, D.G., 2015). In case of RCT trial for comparing impact of foot massage and quiet place on dementia patient, outcome measures of patient was assessed by means of Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) Short Form and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS). The first was used to assess agitation and the latter was used to assess moods in both group post-intervention. No baseline imbalance was also observed as both CMAI and OERS had no difference at baseline between both groups. The mean and standard deviation of change score was developed by means of one-way ANOVAs (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). Estimate of treatment effect- The review of the results of the RCT study depicts no difference in group in baseline in terms of factors of age, gender, time and medications. The study findings revealed mean total CMAI increase in both groups but increase in verbal aggression was more in quiet presence (control) group. There was large observed variability between the groups which indicates that the there might be certain uncertainty which may have an impact on the accuracy of the result (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). However, still the result is reliable because variations were seen in acceptability of massage due to individual variation and not by the difference in tolerating the intervention. The treatment of intervention (foot massage) in the RCT trial finally proved that it cannot be utilized as a non-pharmacological intervention for dementia patients because foot massage die not lead to a long-term improvement in agitation and mood of patients (Schmidt Hunter 2014). Application of results- The RCT trial on dementia patient was considered important because over 90% of them experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of aggression, anxiety and depression during the progression of the disease. These symptoms increase the suffering of not just the patient but also their family members. Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) wanted to analyze the efficacy of foot massage as an intervention for reducing mood disorder because of high prevalence of side-effects in anti-psychotic medications. Hence, there is an increased attention to designing non-pharmacological intervention that leads to a relaxation response in patients. Foot massage was considered as a relaxing intervention for dementia patient by the researcher as it would lead to calming sensation by the production of oxytocin (Kapoor Orr 2017). The study fining showed little improvement in mood due to foot massage and it was inconsistent with other research findings. There is an indication of unfam iliar treatment staff that might have affected the result. However, reduction in alertness was seen in patients and this can contribute to future research when investigating mood in response to certain episodes of aggression (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). Therefore, this research article does not provide strong support regarding the benefit of foot massage as an intervention for dementia patient. However, more rigorous research into factors promoting relaxation in foot massage may lead to a positive application in dementia patient. Consideration of clinically important outcomes- The researcher has tried to maintain the rigour of the study by focusing on factors that might affect the result. For instance, there was no difference in baseline data of both groups. Other confounding variables were also considered such as timing of intervention to maximize the efficacy of the outcome. However, still the study has certain limitations. This includes the unfamiliarity of the participants with massage assistant and this might have had an impact on the outcome. Hence, if the researcher has paid attention to factors that enhance relaxation during the foot massage, the outcome would have been better. It can be clinically applied once the research approach is more rigorous to identify all relevant factors affecting results. Benefits of the trial- Despite certain limitations in the study, the benefits of the RCT study is the manner in which the case analysis was conducted. This reduced any kind of selection bias and helped in increasing the generalizability of the results. Though, complete benefit from foot massage was not seen, however still certain positive symptoms were observed in participants. For example, their alertness level decreased increasing the probability of relaxation during the intervention. The foot massage participants were less alert compared to the quiet presence participants groups. Hence, such symptoms will dementia patient to become calm while receiving the foot massage. In randomized controlled studies, treatment effect is determined by the primary and secondary outcome measures of the study. The review of the randomized controlled tust on impact of physical activity intervention on family care givers of dementia patient reflects ways to analyse the treatment effects. In this case, primary outcome measures include mental status of participant which was evaluated by means of mini mental state examination score and the standardized tool to measure perceived burden, depressive symptoms and positive effects (Farran et al. 2016). Hence, depending on different objectives of research, it would be interesting to know how researchers validate the treatment effect if variability in the study is high. The justification of the above question is given by considering lot of outcomes of the intervention in relation to its impact on the patient or caregiver selected for the study. For example, in a research study where the aim was to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in patients with bipolar disorder through Life Goals Collaborative Care (LGCC), the clinical importance of the outcome was determined by self management outcomes such as changes in blood pressure and changes in physical health related quality of life (Kilbourne et al. 2013). It would be necessary to research the other ways that can enhance the clinical reliability of the intervention studied in RCT. Reference Altman, DG 2015, Clinical trials: Subgroup analyses in randomized trials [mdash] more rigour needed,Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology,12(9), pp.506-507. Bothwell, LE Podolsky, SH 2016, The emergence of the randomized, controlled trial, New England Journal of Medicine,375(6), pp.501-504. Kapoor, Y Orr, R 2017, Effect of therapeutic massage on pain in patients with dementia,Dementia,16(1), pp.119-125. Karanicolas, PJ 2010, Practical tips for surgical research: blinding: who, what, when, why, how?, Canadian journal of surgery,53(5), p.345. Moyle, W Cooke, ML Beattie, E Shum, DH ODwyer, ST Barrett, S 2014, Foot massage versus quiet presence on agitation and mood in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial, International journal of nursing studies,51(6), pp.856-864. Schmidt, FL Hunter, JE 2014, Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage publications. Singh, S Sao, A Nagare, TB Dharmarajan, A 2017, Role of Social Media Marketing In Brand Building: The New Age Marketing Strategy, International Journal of Scientific Research,5(9). Spector, A Orrell, M Charlesworth, G Marston, L 2016, Factors influencing the personcarer relationship in people with anxiety and dementia Aging mental health,20(10), pp.1055-1062. Farran, CJ Paun, O Cothran, F Etkin, CD Rajan, KB Eisenstein, A Navaie, M 2016, Impact of an individualized physical activity intervention on improving mental health outcomes in family caregivers of persons with dementia: A randomized controlled trial, AIMS Medical Science,3, pp.15-31. Kilbourne, AM Goodrich, DE Lai, Z Post, EP Schumacher, K Nord, KM Bramlet, M.Chermack, S Bialy, D Bauer, MS 2013, Randomized controlled trial to reduce cardiovascular disease risk for patients with bipolar disorder: the self-management addressing heart risk trial (SMAHRT), The Journal of clinical psychiatry,74(7), p.e655.