Anatomy of the Human Stomach Essay Example

Life systems of the Human Stomach Essay Example Life systems of the Human Stomach Essay Life systems of the Human Stomach Essay The stomach is isolated into five segments, every one of which has various sorts of cells and capacities. The stomach lies between the throat and the initial segment of the small digestive tract (the duodenum). It is on the left half of the stomach cavity, the fundus of the stomach lying against the stomach. Lying underneath the stomach is the pancreas, and the more noteworthy omentum swings from the more prominent ebb and flow. Like different pieces of the gastrointestinal framework, the stomach dividers are made of various layers. Beginning inside the stomach (the lumen) going out, the principal fundamental layer is the mucosa. This comprises of an epithelium, the lamina propria underneath, and a slim piece of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa. The submucosa lies under this and comprises of stringy connective tissue. It isolates the mucosa from the following layer, the muscularis externa. The muscularis in the stomach varies from other GI organs in that it has three layers of muscle rather than two. Under these muscle layers is the adventitia, layers of connective tissue ceaseless with the omenta. The epithelium of the stomach shapes profound pits, called fundic or oxyntic organs. Various kinds of cells are at various areas down the pits. The cells at the base of these pits are boss cells, answerable for creation of pepsinogen, a latent forerunner for pepsin, which debases proteins. The discharge of pepsinogen forestalls self-processing of the stomach cells. Further up the pits, parietal cells produce gastric corrosive, which slaughters the vast majority of the microscopic organisms in food, animates hunger, and initiates pepsinogen into pepsin. Close to the highest point of the pits, nearest to the substance of the stomach, there are bodily fluid delivering cells considered challis cells that help shield the stomach from self-processing. The muscularis externa, as recently referenced, is comprised of three layers of smooth muscle. The deepest layer is sideways arranged, this isn't seen in different pieces of the stomach related framework, this layer is answerable for making the movement that beats and genuinely separates the food. The following muscle layers are the round and afterward the longituditinal, which are available as in different pieces of the GI tract. The antrum has thicker muscle in its dividers and performs more mighty compressions than the fundus. The pylorus is encircled by a thick round strong divider which is regularly tonically contracted shaping a practical (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric sphincter, which controls the development of chyme into the duodenum.

Computer Business Intelligence

Questions: 1. What four attributes decide the estimation of data and how? Offer models in your response? 2. What are the meanings of a database, a database the executives framework, and the social database model and what are the benefits of the social database model? 3. What is an information driven site, for what reason would somebody utilize one, and what advantages does offer? 4. In what ways can an information distribution center assist directors with being increasingly compelling and for what reason is that significant for a business? In what circumstances is it best to utilize an information distribution center above other information stockpiling choices? 5. Peruse the article underneath and talk about the meaning of business knowledge and what it implies for an organization. What are the negative effects of BI and how does a database and information distribution center help BI? Make certain to give models either from the content or outside sources to help any close to home perspectives you remember for you? Answes: 1. There are four attributes. Those are as per the following: (Moody Walsh, 2005): Data is sharable: This is the most special qualities of the data. Data can be shared among individuals, frameworks or gadgets. Proportionate to utilize: The estimation of data relies upon the utilization. How much the data use, it will expand its worth. Data is anything but difficult to ruin: A data can be effectively spoilt by refuting esteems to it. Proportionate to exactness: The estimation of data likewise relies upon precision. At the point when a data conveys higher precision, than data esteem is likewise high. 2. Database: A database is a made choice out of data. The data is normally made out of system segments of reality such that bolsters method requesting data. For instance, acting the availability to areas in resorts such that engages finding a retreat with openings (Date, 1981). Database Management System: This is a choice of uses that permits you to shop, change, and draw out the reasons for eagerness from an information source. There are various sorts of DBMSs, which go from little procedures that sudden spike in demand for frameworks to expansive methodologies that sudden spike in demand for bound together servers (Larson, 1982). Social Database Model: Social database model is the central data design, which is utilized broadly around the world for data extra room and dealing with. This outline is principal and have all the properties and limits expected to process data with the extra room ability (Harrington, 2002). Points of interest of Relational Database Model: Easy to use Adaptable Exactness Made sure about Information Independency Information Manipulation Language 3. Information Driven site: Information driven site is one that utilizes an information source (database) for making sure about and gathering motivations behind speculation. It can use for a few purposes, similar to contact subtleties, email ids, pictures, customer record, items' record, exchange offers, and interfaces, etc (https://www.DBWebDoctor.com, 2015). Advantages: There are a few advantages of information driven site. Those are as per the following (Computerbusinessresearch.com, 2015): Affirming the material of the page could be possible without explicit data or limits The degree of rate when the page boss takes off changes Have indispensable proportions of flexibility Lessened mix-up rate 4. Information Warehouse (DW) gives a specific working environment, permitting relationship to draw out data from asset frameworks, clean or secure the passed on data, and educator huge of data to be spared in it; a way of thinking known as ETL. DW is respected a boss among the most amazingly sensible decision help and affiliation, observation innovative progress that have showed up in the most recent especially an extended period of time (Wixom Watson, 2001). Considering current conditions, the energy about DW benefits by affiliations has been underneath goals (Ramamurthy, Sen Sinha, 2008). Thusly, this examination, by and large bases on two concentrates: above all, it gives, appears, and looks at the part and estimation of DW as a segment or an auto holder for affiliation cerebrums, besides, it is truly dismembering both business and specific issues and troubles of DW change or use with present structures and mechanical movement (Watson, Goodhue Wixom, 2002). A DW work environments accommodate us general and joined data in multidimensional point of view. Near to the general and joined point of view of data, a data conveying work environments in addition accommodates us OLAP assets. These favorable circumstances help us in possessing and productive assessment of data in a multidimensional space. This examination accomplishes data hypothesis and data assessment (Tutorialspoint.com, 2015). 5. Business knowledge: Business insight (BI) is a designer driven method for checking on data and acquainting functional data with assistance affiliation individuals, affiliation chief and flip side clients choose more educated affiliation decisions. BI consolidates an assortment of instruments, adventures and methodologies that empower relationship to accumulate data from inside structures and outside assets, set it up for assessment, make and run worries against the data, and make surveys, dashboards and data representations to make the orderly outcomes open to business choice creators moreover accommodating workers (SearchDataManagement, 2015). Negative effect of BI: Negative effects of BI are: It reserves the history Exorbitant for little and medium association The framework is very mind boggling The utilization is extremely restricted The execution procedure is exceptionally moderate Information stockroom to BI: An information stockroom is a thoughtful normal DBMS that are intended to ask for and inquire about instead of for course of action managing. It all around contains directing data considering plan data, despite it can pick up data from unmistakable assets. It sees assessment proportion of work from a strategy proportion of work and draws in a relationship to engineer data from several preferences (Docs.oracle.com, 2015). 6. In the previously mentioned table there are scarcely any issues, as: Client Id of individual client is same for a few people. So on the off chance that we need to improve this table, we should utilize one of a kind client ID for every client. In the last column, client last name is absent. It is prescribed not to utilize any invalid worth. Invalid field can report a blunder. In the Zip segment, first worth is unique in relation to other people. It might be a mistake, which ought to be corrected. Last name and first name is same for two diverse client. So at the hour of discovering, it can give incorrect outcome. To make this table top notch useful table, we can keep some basic guidelines, as: There ought not be any invalid worth Worth ought to be in arranged way ID is an interesting worth, so it ought to follow its uniqueness. All the worth ought to keep up the information length parameter. References com,. (2015). Information driven site - Computer Business Research. Recovered 12 March 2015, from https://www.computerbusinessresearch.com/Home/database/information driven-site Date, C. (1981). A prologue to database frameworks. Perusing, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. oracle.com,. (2015). Business Intelligence. Recovered 12 March 2015, from https://docs.oracle.com/album/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/bus_intl.htm Harrington, J. (2002). Social database configuration unmistakably clarified. New York: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. https://www.DBWebDoctor.com, T. (2015). What are Database Driven Web Sites? (Web Doctor Article). Dbwebdoctor.com. Recovered 12 March 2015, from https://www.dbwebdoctor.com/article_database_driven_websites.asp Larson, J. (1982). Database the board framework life systems. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Grouchy, D., Walsh, P. (2005). Estimating The Value Of Information: An Asset Valuation Approach. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Ramamurthy, K., Sen, A., Sinha, A. (2008). An observational examination of the key determinants of information distribution center reception. Choice Support Systems, 44(4), 817-841. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2007.10.006 SearchDataManagement,. (2015). What is business knowledge (BI)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Recovered 12 March 2015, from https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/business-knowledge com,. (2015). Information Warehousing Quick Guide. Recovered 12 March 2015, from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dwh/dwh_quick_guide.htm Watson, H., Goodhue, D., Wixom, B. (2002). The advantages of information warehousing: why a few associations acknowledge remarkable settlements. Data Management, 39(6), 491-502. doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00120-3 Wixom, B., Watson, H. (2001). An Empirical Investigation of the Factors Affecting Data Warehousing Success. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 17. doi:10.2307/3250957

Dreams And Dreaming :: essays research papers

Dreams and Dreaming  â â â â “ To compose something and leave it behing us,  â â â â â â â â â It is nevertheless a fantasy  â â â â When we conscious we know  â â â â There isn't even anybody to peruse it';     Zen Master Ikkyu      WE dream during a condition of rest called REM rest. It is realized that theta rythems sent from the hippocampus, which decide whether something is of basic incentive to the cerebrum, are presesnt during REM rest. Which underpins the possibility that dreaming is associated with learning and that fantasies are critical to the developing procedure.      Sleep is set in cycles, each containing four phases      STAGE 1: Light rest starts thata waves      STAGE 2: Light rest proceeds axles and K buildings      STAGE 3: The beginning of profound rest K edifices and delta      STAGE 4: Very profound rest delta waves      The first cycle is around an hour and a half. The cerebrum decends through each of the four phases, and afterward acends back through them, yet in transit up REM rest is competent at stage 1. This REM period endures around 10 minutesAfter the principal cycle the delta rest may no happen by any stretch of the imagination. the cerebrum will spin through stage 1 and 2. As the night goes on the extent of REM to NON-REM increment, so before the night's over you may dream for as much as 1 of the last 2 long periods of rest. Despite the fact that for a few of us we despite everything rest profoundly even to the early morning. The “deep sleepers'; Thus light sleeper are almost certain ready to recall dreams.      The Menangkabau clans of Indonesia accept that the genuine power, the sumanghat, really leaves the body in the two dreams and genuine disease. The shaman, or Dukun, must extend his conciousnes into the domain of dreams in request to assuage or harry the malevolent threatening spirits who are antagonistic to the subject      Dreamtime of the Aboriginees is a base state which grasps the making of the world at the very first light of our time. It is the domain of the legendary creatures who clench hand inhaled life onto the universe.. Their way of life reaches out back more than 40,000 years, the most seasoned otherworldly culture of the world. The Shaman is known as the Karadji.

What is a Good ACT Aspire Score

ACT Aspire tests are scored on kind of a funky scale that changes between subjects and between grades tested. For the ACT Aspire tests given in grades 9 and 10, which predict your ACT scores for 11th grade, here’s how the scoring breaks down: ACT Aspire Scoring, Grades 9 and 10 SubjectGrade 9 Score RangeGrade 9 Benchmark ScoreGrade 10 Score RangeGrade 10 Benchmark Score English 12-1512-1-16-17-17-16 -17 2616-20 3926-29 45-3645134-35 45235-3645234-35 Data from ACT Aspire: Predicted Scores. Note that, no matter how great you did on the ACT Aspire, the testmakers wont predict that youre going to get a perfect score on the ACT! This may be because perfect scores are so rare (but still possible!) that they hesitate to open themselves up to students disappointment in future years. Again, keep in mind that a lot of factors can influence your official ACT test score. Dont rely on your predicted scores from the ACT Aspire to get you your ideal score! Itll still take a fair amount of solid preparation. And if your projected ACT score is lower than youd hoped to score on the exam, just let that light a fire under you! You can still achieve the score of your dreams with thorough prep and the right materials, so dont be discouraged. Two Ways to Evaluate: Whats a Good ACT Aspire Score? Based on what weve seen, we now have two different measures with which to evaluate what a good ACT Aspire score is for you. On the one hand: Are you meeting the benchmarks for your grade level? Thats between 425 and 432, depending on the section and your grade. On the other hand: Is your ACT Aspire score in line with where you hope to score on the ACT? The average score on the ACT is currently 20.8, meaning that scores above 431 for a freshman and 433 for a sophomore would make your predicted ACT score above average, what most people would consider a good score. So What’s Next? Take an ACT practice test and start from there. Remember that the Aspire is not exactly like the ACT and you may perform differently on the ACT. So a practice test will provide a better diagnostic. Then find a quality class, tutor, or online program for the ACT and start prepping! The ACT Aspire is different from the PreACT. For everything you need to know about the PreACT, check this out!

Climate Change And Air Pollution - 1381 Words

DECC 2050: LOWEST AIR POLLUTION November 18, 2017 Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth’s atmosphere, which has adverse effects on human heath and the environment. Climate change and air pollution are interconnected, since pollutants such as methane and ozone that contribute to climate. Although the climate has always changed and humans have always adapted, anthropogenic forces increase that rate of change. The UK has a commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050 relative to 1990 levels. However one must note that this involves CO2 level reduction only, and does not include other pollutants, which affect air quality. Not to mention that some of the techniques used to decrease CO2 levels, such as CCS (carbon capture and storage), emit high levels of pollutants (due to the penalty of energy capture), hence reducing air quality. We cannot only focus on reducing emissions; we should also aim to make the decrease air pollution since it affects our standard of living, health, and environment. Using the DECC 2050 calculator we intend on achieving lowest air pollution levels (Target 6). Our assessment criteria is split into two types: First, primary assessment criteria: the impact of the pathway on air quality that is the damage to human health, arising from air pollution from the pathway, principally particulate matter). Second, secondary assessment criteria: cost (the costShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution And Climate Change1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drastic Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change Air pollution and climate change have an extensive backing from environmentalists and people in general who care about the effects that has on earth. Air pollution is the world s biggest environmental health risk, with some of the worst problems in developing nations such as China and India. Air pollution is a vast problem which can be fixed, although it will take time. Air pollution kills 3.3 million people a year, including 55,000 in theRead MoreAir Pollution Essay: Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change1489 Words   |  6 PagesAir pollution and greenhouse gases are the reason for the planet as it is today; the reason why we see campaigns flooding the media informing us to ‘switch off’, ‘save the planet’ and ‘turn down the heat’ and the reason why the government is trying to develop a successful scheme, such as the carbon tax scheme, to reduce air pollution caused by major industries. Air pollution and greenhouse gases are the two immediate cau ses of global warming and climate change. Air pollution occurs when chemicalsRead MoreAir Pollution - The Causes and Effect1116 Words   |  5 PagesAir Pollution - The Causes amp; Effect . 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Unless our bodies become immune or we learn to clear the pollution earth s ecosystemRead MoreCalifornia Drought And Its Effects On The Air Quality1260 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia drought has been extremely harmful to the states’ air quality. Since 2012, California has seen the worst drought conditions in 1,200 years and it is severely affecting air quality (California’s drought, 2015). As of 2015, the cities of Hanford, Merced, Modesto, Fresno, Yuba City, Lancaster-Palmdale, Chico, Sacramento, and Bakersfield have been experiencing exceptional drought coverage (Pestano, 2015). California has a Mediterranean climate, which is a concentrated rainy period several months ofRead MoreEnvironmental Global Health : A Social Science Point Of View1492 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"According to WHO estimates, climate change will cause an additional 250,000 deaths per year between 2030 and 2050†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Skolnik 2016: 100). 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For every person that dies, hundreds or thousands more suffer breathingRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Climate And Civilization Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pageswalking outside and not being able to breathe the air because it is too toxic; imagine if severe weather conditions, such as droughts and heat waves was the everyday norm. If action is not taken to reduce the amount of pollution humanity emits into the air, there will be detrimental effects on the climate and civilization. For instance, air pollution harms the health of people, causing respiratory issues, and air pollution negatively affects the climate, causing global warming. Both issues are also detrimentalRead MoreThe World Of Global Warming1012 Words   |  5 PagesNations, Ban Ki-moon once said, â€Å"The clear and present danger of climate change means we cannot burn our way to prosperity. We already rely too heavily on fossi l fuels. We need to find a new, sustainable path to the future we want. We need a clean industrial revolution† (Ban Ki-moon). Collectively, we burn fossil fuels without recognition of the repercussions it has on the environment and our well-being. Air pollution causes climate change, shown through the increase in greenhouse gases, and environmentalRead Moreplastic money1074 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿What are the effects of air pollution? Acidification: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife.   Acid rain destroys the leaves of plants. When acid rain

Can Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences - 1425 Words

Analytical Summary: Can Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences? One of the revolutionary changes in the economic thinking is taking into account the effect of social preferences on economic activities. During the last two decades, experimental economics showed that, social preferences play an important role on the economic activities. For example, Knack and Keefer (1997) proved that, trust and civic duty have important contribution to economic growth. Also, Slemrood (2003) find out that, real per capita income is higher in more trusting societies. Economists fail to understand fundamental economic questions when they disregard social preferences. Therefore, studies related to effect of social preferences on economy are highly important. In this regard, Macleod (2007) introduces the possibility of improvements of social preferences in a way that it will lead to a better economy. He assumes that fairness and trustworthiness plays an important role for contractual relations, which affects the economic activity. He shows in this article that, desired contractual activities could be achieved by improving fairness and trustworthiness of people. In his study, Macleod investigated the effect of social preferences on economic performance. As recent researchers suggest, for well functioning economy, there is lot of things to learn from psychology. In this respect, Macleod considers fairness and trust to be the most important factors for alleviating distortionary effects ofShow MoreRelatedEthics Course : The Trolley Problem1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe best part about it was that we were not given a correct answer to the thought experiment. Now that the class is coming to an end, I will use the knowledge that I have gained from this class to come to an answer to this thought experiment and to explain how I arrived to it. The thought experiment that we were given is known as the â€Å"Trolley Problem† and it is split into two parts. In the first part of the problem we have an empty out of control trolley going down the rail track. If the trolley continuesRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthem pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. 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Also the effect of foundational belief system, sampling approaches, data collection strategies and which data analysis procedure is suitable for qualitative and quantitative research method is discussed. Finally the paper is concluded by discussing the analysed data. Theory Qualitative research concerns with the

Individualized Physical Activity Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Individualized Physical Activity Intervention. Answer: Introduction: Randomization of treatments- In randomized controlled trial, participants are assigned to a treatment conditions at random and the unique factor is the type of intervention they receive. Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) also conducted the research by randomization. Participants were randomized by a computer program to hide the allocation detail of participants. On that basis, the intervention groups received 10 min of foot massage and the control group received quiet presence. In RCT, the process are controlled to ensure that participants receive the same treatment unique to their group and same was observed in this study as block randomization was done to maximize the equality of the intervention and the control groups (Bothwell Podolsky 2016, pp.501-504). Accountability of patients- Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) had analyzed the data collected from participants who received at least one treatment. 2-tailed test help to determine whether the impact of group was high in mood and agitation in dementia patient was higher in the control group or the intervention group. Detail about group- While conducting RCT studies, baseline imbalance often arise. Hence, it is necessary for the researcher to ensure that both intervention and control groups are equal at baseline. This means factors such as age, sex, class, education and fitness in both groups should not have an effect on the outcome (Singh et al. 2017). Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) maintained the baseline balance in participants by means of recruiting participant on the basis of inclusion criteria. This included participant above the age of 65 years with moderate to last stage of dementia. They must be living in long term care, should have a history of agitation and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) should be less than 18. This inclusion strategy enhances the credibility of the study as participants particularly with agitation symptoms were selected for the trial. It would help greatly in generalization of the study. Treatment of groups- Treatment of groups equally in RCTs implies whether researcher has addressed the factors that might influence the performance of one group over the other. The review of the article reveals Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) has considered this aspect during the sample recruitment stage. This is reflected by the exclusion process. Participant who had serious illness that might affect the foot anatomy and pain were not taken. If such participant would have been taken, the purpose of the study would not have been effectively fulfilled. During the intervention process also, the timing of intervention was considered important as dementia patients mainly develop restlessness in the afternoon. Hence, with this consideration, afternoon time was chosen for providing the intervention (Spector et al. 2016, pp.1055-1062). Effect of treatment- The reliability and credibility of a research study is understood by the treatment of outcomes and comparison of groups to develop a mean outcome. This reflect the rigour of research and the focus of the researcher to make the results reliable (Altman, D.G., 2015). In case of RCT trial for comparing impact of foot massage and quiet place on dementia patient, outcome measures of patient was assessed by means of Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) Short Form and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS). The first was used to assess agitation and the latter was used to assess moods in both group post-intervention. No baseline imbalance was also observed as both CMAI and OERS had no difference at baseline between both groups. The mean and standard deviation of change score was developed by means of one-way ANOVAs (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). Estimate of treatment effect- The review of the results of the RCT study depicts no difference in group in baseline in terms of factors of age, gender, time and medications. The study findings revealed mean total CMAI increase in both groups but increase in verbal aggression was more in quiet presence (control) group. There was large observed variability between the groups which indicates that the there might be certain uncertainty which may have an impact on the accuracy of the result (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). However, still the result is reliable because variations were seen in acceptability of massage due to individual variation and not by the difference in tolerating the intervention. The treatment of intervention (foot massage) in the RCT trial finally proved that it cannot be utilized as a non-pharmacological intervention for dementia patients because foot massage die not lead to a long-term improvement in agitation and mood of patients (Schmidt Hunter 2014). Application of results- The RCT trial on dementia patient was considered important because over 90% of them experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of aggression, anxiety and depression during the progression of the disease. These symptoms increase the suffering of not just the patient but also their family members. Moyle et al. (2014, pp.856-864) wanted to analyze the efficacy of foot massage as an intervention for reducing mood disorder because of high prevalence of side-effects in anti-psychotic medications. Hence, there is an increased attention to designing non-pharmacological intervention that leads to a relaxation response in patients. Foot massage was considered as a relaxing intervention for dementia patient by the researcher as it would lead to calming sensation by the production of oxytocin (Kapoor Orr 2017). The study fining showed little improvement in mood due to foot massage and it was inconsistent with other research findings. There is an indication of unfam iliar treatment staff that might have affected the result. However, reduction in alertness was seen in patients and this can contribute to future research when investigating mood in response to certain episodes of aggression (Moyle et al. 2014, pp.856-864). Therefore, this research article does not provide strong support regarding the benefit of foot massage as an intervention for dementia patient. However, more rigorous research into factors promoting relaxation in foot massage may lead to a positive application in dementia patient. Consideration of clinically important outcomes- The researcher has tried to maintain the rigour of the study by focusing on factors that might affect the result. For instance, there was no difference in baseline data of both groups. Other confounding variables were also considered such as timing of intervention to maximize the efficacy of the outcome. However, still the study has certain limitations. This includes the unfamiliarity of the participants with massage assistant and this might have had an impact on the outcome. Hence, if the researcher has paid attention to factors that enhance relaxation during the foot massage, the outcome would have been better. It can be clinically applied once the research approach is more rigorous to identify all relevant factors affecting results. Benefits of the trial- Despite certain limitations in the study, the benefits of the RCT study is the manner in which the case analysis was conducted. This reduced any kind of selection bias and helped in increasing the generalizability of the results. Though, complete benefit from foot massage was not seen, however still certain positive symptoms were observed in participants. For example, their alertness level decreased increasing the probability of relaxation during the intervention. The foot massage participants were less alert compared to the quiet presence participants groups. Hence, such symptoms will dementia patient to become calm while receiving the foot massage. In randomized controlled studies, treatment effect is determined by the primary and secondary outcome measures of the study. The review of the randomized controlled tust on impact of physical activity intervention on family care givers of dementia patient reflects ways to analyse the treatment effects. In this case, primary outcome measures include mental status of participant which was evaluated by means of mini mental state examination score and the standardized tool to measure perceived burden, depressive symptoms and positive effects (Farran et al. 2016). Hence, depending on different objectives of research, it would be interesting to know how researchers validate the treatment effect if variability in the study is high. The justification of the above question is given by considering lot of outcomes of the intervention in relation to its impact on the patient or caregiver selected for the study. For example, in a research study where the aim was to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in patients with bipolar disorder through Life Goals Collaborative Care (LGCC), the clinical importance of the outcome was determined by self management outcomes such as changes in blood pressure and changes in physical health related quality of life (Kilbourne et al. 2013). It would be necessary to research the other ways that can enhance the clinical reliability of the intervention studied in RCT. Reference Altman, DG 2015, Clinical trials: Subgroup analyses in randomized trials [mdash] more rigour needed,Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology,12(9), pp.506-507. Bothwell, LE Podolsky, SH 2016, The emergence of the randomized, controlled trial, New England Journal of Medicine,375(6), pp.501-504. Kapoor, Y Orr, R 2017, Effect of therapeutic massage on pain in patients with dementia,Dementia,16(1), pp.119-125. Karanicolas, PJ 2010, Practical tips for surgical research: blinding: who, what, when, why, how?, Canadian journal of surgery,53(5), p.345. Moyle, W Cooke, ML Beattie, E Shum, DH ODwyer, ST Barrett, S 2014, Foot massage versus quiet presence on agitation and mood in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial, International journal of nursing studies,51(6), pp.856-864. 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